Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration. He was not held accountable for waging unrestricted submarine warfare against the United States and Great Britain.
He died in at the age of Ian Kershaw examines why the Third Reich resisted surrender for months after it had clearly lost World War II, drawing on testimony from civilians and former military insiders to discuss the Nazis' psychological power over German citizens. This article is part of an ongoing series commemorating the 75th anniversary of the end of World War II made possible by Bank of America.
As an adult, Janine Simone Hopkins was encouraged by her family to record her experiences and reflections of her life in Paris during the German occupation. Attached to Canadian and British forces, the first Americans to see ground combat in Europe witnessed disaster at Dieppe. This article examines how World War II marked an important moment in the political history of modern zoos. When the war in Europe ended in the spring of , Romani survivors were scattered, exhausted, and traumatized.
European Theater of Operations. Article Type. In his reply, Fleet Admiral Nimitz stated that the United States announced specific war zones, that therin United States submarines attacked merchant ships without warning, except for hospital ships and ships under safe conduct, and that on general principles we did not rescue enemy survivors if undue hazard to the rescuing submarine would result or if she would thereby be prevented from accomplishing her mission.
Survivors did not come on board voluntarily. It was necessary to take them prisoner by force. That, Doenitz admitted, meant they would be shot. He admitted that as flag officer submarines he knew of the existence of the order, but said that, as the.
After 30 January , Doenitz was commander in chief, responsible for the conduct of the entire German Navy. Only 10 days after he assumed command, a special staff memorandum on this subject was directed by the International Law Section of his Operations Staff to the Chief of Operations, Admiral Wagner, warning that shooting soldiers captured in uniform was not in accordance with the accepted laws and customs of war.
Wagner, according to his testimony, returned the memorandum with the comment that no further clarification was necessary. This fact casts doubt on his subsequent denial, and the denial of Admiral Doenitz, that the shared the guilt for the execution of the crew of MTB Attacked by superior German naval forces while hidden at the island of Apso, near Bergen, her captain destroyed his ship and surrendered himself and his crew as prisoners of war.
They were interrogated by German naval intelligence officers, and, despite the recommendation of their naval interrogators that they be accorded prisoner-of-war treatment, they were turned over by the navy to the Security Police, on the suggestion, if not the insistence, of the naval commander in Norway, Admiral Schrader.
Schrader later committed suicide. Faces with this story, Doenitz denied all knowledge of it. He maintained that he was never informed. The British sailor, Paul Robert Evans, who was one of the crew of a two-man torpedo fired against the Tirpitz in December , was captured in uniform.
He was executed a few weeks before Doenitz became commander in chief. Doenitz disclaimed knowledge and responsibility. This study does not pretend to argue the law, or even completely to state or evaluate the evidence.
Its intention has been to review in brief the mass of documents and affidavits, and the long transcript record of assertion, denial and explanation on which the tribunal has based its verdict. Since the above article was written, the International War Crimes Tribunal at Nuremberg has sentenced Grandadmiral Doenitz to 10 years imprisonment and Grandadmiral Raeder to life imprisonment.
Doenitz was found guilty on two charges, namely Crimes Against the Peace i. Doenitz was found innocent of the charge of Conspiracy to Bring About War. Raeder, on the other hand, was convicted on all three of these charges.
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Related Content. Document Type. Manuscript Historical Summary. World War II Navy Communities. File Formats. Location of Archival Materials. Author Name. Place of Event. Recipient Name. The Trial of Admiral Doenitz. Source: Vol. He was appointed grand admiral , commander in chief of the navy, and, after Hitler's death, chancellor of Germany.
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